Waterlogging and recurrent flooding remain among the most critical challenges affecting agriculture and rural livelihoods in eastern India. Across the country, nearly 113 million people—about 9% of the population—are vulnerable to flood and waterlogging hazards, which adversely impact agricultural lands, crops, livestock, forests, infrastructure, and human health. Excess water creates anaerobic conditions in the root zone, disrupting nutrient uptake, crop growth, and overall ecosystem productivity. Available estimates indicate that nearly 11.6 million hectares of land in India are affected by perennial or seasonal waterlogging.